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Photovoltaic power plant inspection report

FVE na louce

Report reference number: 21581 According to: IEC TS 62446-3
Inspection date and time: Saturday 2023/07/29 16:17 Report creation date: Wednesday 2023/08/09 00:00
Inspection site: FVE na louce
Address: Louková 1 GPS coordinates: 49.4197989, 17.7172499
Site owner
Company name/Name
Demo projekt 		Company ID number/Date of birth
Demo projekt
Client
Name
DroneTech s.r.o. 		Phone number
+420 724 302 040
Contact person
Ing. Ondřej Staněk 		Email address
stanek@dronetech.cz
Inspection processor
Name
DroneTech s.r.o. 		Phone number
+420 724 302 040
Technician
Ing. Ondřej Staněk 		Email address
stanek@dronetech.cz
Power plant
Power
1.5 MWdc 		Inverters
SMC 10000TL, SMC 7000TL, SMC 11000TL, SMC 9000TL
Modules (Number of modules: 8 712)
Canadian Solar Canadian Solar CS6P-230 230W, Canadian Solar CS-6P-220 220W, Placeholder Placeholder 315W, Schuco SPV 170 SME-1 170W 		Structure
pozemní instalace
Module technology
- 		Module layout
-
Data collection
Name
DroneTech s.r.o. 		Pilot
Ing. Ondřej Staněk
UAS
Matrice 30T 		Camera
M30T
Weather
Humidity
52 % 		Temperature
27° C
Wind speed
4 m/s 		Intensity of solar radiation
950 W/m2
Cloud cover
Inspection
Inspection type
DEFAULT REGULAR EMERGENCY

Overall assessment
h
CZK/kWh

The following anomalies were found on the panels of the inspected photovoltaic power plant, with a total of 295 on 355 modules.
The total estimated annual power loss is 39 430,00 kWh.

Anomaly name Number of anomalies *(1) Number of modules *(2) Estimated power loss (kW) *(3) Estimated power loss (%) *(4) Estimated annual power loss (kWh) *(5) Estimated annual financial loss (CZK) *(6)
Cell High
 10 10 0,63 kW 0,04 % 630,00 kWh 8 889,16 CZK
Cell Low
 72 72 4,58 kW 0,25 % 4 580,00 kWh 64 136,94 CZK
Cell Medium
 28 28 1,67 kW 0,09 % 1 670,00 kWh 23 354,38 CZK
Cell Multi High
 33 33 3,23 kW 0,18 % 3 230,00 kWh 45 185,00 CZK
Cell Multi Low
 40 40 4,30 kW 0,24 % 4 300,00 kWh 60 200,00 CZK
Cell Multi Medium
 31 31 2,95 kW 0,16 % 2 950,00 kWh 41 300,00 CZK
Cracking
 4 4 0,68 kW 0,04 % 680,00 kWh 9 520,00 CZK
Diode
 29 29 2,29 kW 0,13 % 2 290,00 kWh 32 126,78 CZK
Diode Multi
 5 5 0,76 kW 0,04 % 760,00 kWh 10 640,00 CZK
Internal Short Circuit High
 4 4 0,24 kW 0,01 % 240,00 kWh 3 418,80 CZK
Internal Short Circuit Low
 5 5 0,38 kW 0,02 % 380,00 kWh 5 266,80 CZK
Internal Short Circuit Medium
 4 4 0,37 kW 0,02 % 370,00 kWh 5 151,30 CZK
Module
 6 6 1,49 kW 0,08 % 1 490,00 kWh 20 860,00 CZK
Physical Obstruction
 1 1 0,06 kW 0,00 % 60,00 kWh 785,40 CZK
String
 4 64 14,72 kW 0,82 % 14 720,00 kWh 206 080,00 CZK
Vegetation
 19 19 1,08 kW 0,06 % 1 080,00 kWh 15 071,84 CZK
Total 295 355 39,43 kW 2,18 % 39 430,00 kWh 551 986,40 CZK

*(1) Anomaly: Number of occurrences of a given anomaly type.
*(2) Modules: Number of modules affected by the given anomaly type.
*(3) Estimated Power Loss (kW): The estimated power loss is defined as the product of the number of affected modules, the plant’s peak power (STC), and the anomaly-specific performance impact factor (on a scale from 0 to 1).
*(4) Estimated Power Loss (%): The estimated power loss expressed as the ratio of the lost power to the plant’s total capacity, shown in percentage terms.
*(5) Estimated Annual Power Loss (kWh): The estimated annual energy loss in kilowatt-hours, calculated as the power loss multiplied by the number of solar hours per year.
*(6) Estimated Annual Financial Loss (CZK): The estimated annual financial loss is calculated based on the annual energy loss in kilowatt-hours multiplied by the price per kilowatt-hour. The price per kilowatt-hour is determined according to the feed-in tariff provided by the client for the purpose of this calculation.

For more information about individual anomaly types, please refer to the end of this document.

Anomaly map

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Anomaly localization

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List of anomalies

CSV XLSX PDF
Primární fotka Sekundární fotka Anomaly name Row X Row Y String X String Y Module X Module Y Priority Delta T Proposed next action
1 53 Cell Low Cell Low
 1 53A 1 1 48 1 Low 5.9 1
2 53 Cell Medium Cell Medium
 1 53A 1 2 66 1 Medium 14.9 2
3 53 Cell Low Cell Low
 1 53A 1 2 67 1 Low 7 1
4 53 Cell Multi Medium Cell Multi Medium
 1 53A 1 1 64 1 Medium 10.2 2
5 53 Cell Multi Low Cell Multi Low
 1 53A 1 1 71 1 Low 8.7 1
6 53 Cell Low Cell Low
 1 53A 1 1 76 1 Low 8.1 1
7 53 Cell Low Cell Low
 1 53B 1 2 75 1 Low 6 1
8 53 Vegetation Vegetation
 1 53B 1 2 63 1 Low 1
9 52 Cell Multi High Cell Multi High
 1 52A 1 2 46 1 High 40.3 3
10 52 Vegetation Vegetation
 1 52A 1 2 27 1 Low 1
11 55 Cell Multi Low Cell Multi Low
 1 55A 1 1 20 1 Low 7 1
12 55 Cell Multi Medium Cell Multi Medium
 1 55A 1 2 24 1 Medium 19.2 2
13 51 Vegetation Vegetation
 1 51 1 2 37 1 Low 1
14 55 Cell Multi Low Cell Multi Low
 1 55A 1 2 37 1 Low 9.2 1
15 54 Internal Short Circuit Medium Internal Short Circuit Medium
 1 54A 1 2 46 1 Medium 12.5 2
16 54 Cell Low Cell Low
 1 54A 1 2 40 1 Low 3.4 1
17 54 Cell Low Cell Low
 1 54A 1 2 38 1 Low 5.8 1
18 55 Cell High Cell High
 1 55A 1 1 42 1 High 34.7 3
19 55 Cell Multi Low Cell Multi Low
 1 55A 1 1 44 1 Low 8.6 1
20 55 Cell Multi Medium Cell Multi Medium
 1 55A 1 1 45 1 Medium 18.6 2
21 55 Cell Multi Medium Cell Multi Medium
 1 55A 1 2 45 1 Medium 11.5 2
22 54 Cell Multi Low Cell Multi Low
 1 54A 1 1 51 1 Low 8.8 1
23 54 Cell Low Cell Low
 1 54A 1 2 65 1 Low 8.5 1
24 54 Internal Short Circuit Low Internal Short Circuit Low
 1 54A 1 1 70 1 Low 3.9 1
25 55 Internal Short Circuit High Internal Short Circuit High
 1 55A 1 2 68 1 High 27.2 3
26 55 Cell Medium Cell Medium
 1 55A 1 2 71 1 Medium 15.4 2
27 54 Cell Low Cell Low
 1 54A 1 1 79 1 Low 6.6 1
28 54 Cell Low Cell Low
 1 54A 1 2 87 1 Low 8.2 1
29 55 Cell Multi Medium Cell Multi Medium
 1 55A 1 2 94 1 Medium 11.8 2
30 55 Cell Low Cell Low
 1 55A 1 2 95 1 Low 5.4 1
31 55 Cell Medium Cell Medium
 1 55B 1 1 40 1 Medium 15.3 2
32 55 Cell Multi Low Cell Multi Low
 1 55B 1 1 41 1 Low 8.1 1
33 55 Cell Medium Cell Medium
 1 55B 1 2 41 1 Medium 17 2
34 54 Cell Multi Low Cell Multi Low
 1 54B 1 1 34 1 Low 8.5 1
35 54 Cell High Cell High
 1 54B 1 2 47 1 High 22.7 3
36 54 Cell Medium Cell Medium
 1 54B 1 2 49 1 Medium 10.4 2
37 54 Cell Low Cell Low
 1 54B 1 1 54 1 Low 5.9 1
38 55 Cell Low Cell Low
 1 55B 1 2 55 1 Low 8 1
39 55 Cell Multi Medium Cell Multi Medium
 1 55B 1 1 56 1 Medium 15.2 2
40 55 Cell Low Cell Low
 1 55B 1 2 56 1 Low 3.6 1
41 55 Physical Obstruction Physical Obstruction
 1 55B 1 2 75 1 Low 1
42 55 Cell Multi Medium Cell Multi Medium
 1 55B 1 2 78 1 Medium 19 2
43 55 Cell High Cell High
 1 55B 1 2 80 1 High 25.4 3
44 54 Cell High Cell High
 1 54B 1 1 82 1 High 21.3 3
45 54 Cell Medium Cell Medium
 1 54B 1 2 78 1 Medium 13 2
46 54 Cell Medium Cell Medium
 1 54B 1 1 77 1 Medium 13 2
47 54 Cell Medium Cell Medium
 1 54B 1 2 72 1 Medium 11.4 2
48 54 Cell Medium Cell Medium
 1 54B 1 2 92 1 Medium 12.3 2
49 56 Cell Multi Low Cell Multi Low
 1 56A 1 1 65 1 Low 3 1
50 56 Cell Low Cell Low
 1 56A 1 1 68 1 Low 4.1 1
51 1 Cell Low Cell Low
 2 1 7 2 1 1 Low 4.8 1
52 1 Cell Multi Medium Cell Multi Medium
 2 1 3 1 1 1 Medium 16 2
53 3 Cell Low Cell Low
 2 3 3 1 1 1 Low 6.4 1
54 3 Cell Multi Low Cell Multi Low
 2 3 2 2 3 1 Low 5.6 1
55 3 Diode Diode
 2 3 7 1 7 1 Medium 6 2
56 4 Cell Low Cell Low
 2 4 7 2 12 1 Low 5.5 1
57 4 Cell Low Cell Low
 2 4 8 2 3 1 Low 7.4 1
58 55 Cell Multi High Cell Multi High
 1 55B 1 1 94 1 High 23.6 3
59 55 Cell Multi Low Cell Multi Low
 1 55B 1 2 95 1 Low 8.1 1
60 56 Cell Low Cell Low
 1 56A 1 2 34 1 Low 6.3 1
61 9 Cell Low Cell Low
 2 9 6 2 7 1 Low 4.8 1
62 9 Cell Low Cell Low
 2 9 6 1 14 1 Low 3.2 1
63 56 Cell Low Cell Low
 1 56A 1 2 63 1 Low 7.4 1
64 56 Cell Multi Medium Cell Multi Medium
 1 56A 1 2 67 1 Medium 16.1 2
65 56 Cell Low Cell Low
 1 56A 1 1 71 1 Low 7.8 1
66 56 Cell Multi High Cell Multi High
 1 56A 1 1 75 1 High 29.1 3
67 56 Cell Multi Low Cell Multi Low
 1 56A 1 2 77 1 Low 9.5 1
68 12 Cell Low Cell Low
 2 12 3 1 5 1 Low 3.4 1
69 56 Cell Multi High Cell Multi High
 1 56B 1 2 73 1 High 22.4 3
70 56 Cell Multi Medium Cell Multi Medium
 1 56B 1 2 75 1 Medium 12 2
71 56 Cell Multi High Cell Multi High
 1 56B 1 2 79 1 High 27.4 3
72 56 Cell Low Cell Low
 1 56B 1 2 87 1 Low 5.1 1
73 57 Cell Multi High Cell Multi High
 1 57 1 2 56 1 High 30.8 3
74 57 Internal Short Circuit High Internal Short Circuit High
 1 57 1 2 55 1 High 20.3 3
75 57 Cracking Cracking
 1 57 1 2 54 1 High 3
76 57 Cell Multi Low Cell Multi Low
 1 57 1 2 53 1 Low 8.4 1
77 57 Cell Multi Low Cell Multi Low
 1 57 1 1 53 1 Low 9.2 1
78 57 Cell Low Cell Low
 1 57 1 1 55 1 Low 3.4 1
79 57 Cell Low Cell Low
 1 57 1 1 56 1 Low 6.7 1
80 57 Cell Medium Cell Medium
 1 57 1 2 57 1 Medium 14.3 2
81 57 Cell Low Cell Low
 1 57 1 1 58 1 Low 8.9 1
82 57 Cell Multi Medium Cell Multi Medium
 1 57 1 2 59 1 Medium 12.1 2
83 57 Cell Multi High Cell Multi High
 1 57 1 1 60 1 High 26.7 3
84 57 Cell Multi Medium Cell Multi Medium
 1 57 1 1 61 1 Medium 12.4 2
85 57 Cell Multi Medium Cell Multi Medium
 1 57 1 1 62 1 Medium 18.5 2
86 57 Cell Multi Medium Cell Multi Medium
 1 57 1 2 63 1 Medium 10.6 2
87 57 Cell Low Cell Low
 1 57 1 2 64 1 Low 6.4 1
88 57 Cell Multi High Cell Multi High
 1 57 1 1 65 1 High 28.7 3
89 57 Cell Multi High Cell Multi High
 1 57 1 2 67 1 High 41.4 3
90 57 Cell Multi High Cell Multi High
 1 57 1 2 68 1 High 38.8 3
91 57 Cracking Cracking
 1 57 1 2 69 1 High 3
92 57 Cell Multi High Cell Multi High
 1 57 1 2 70 1 High 31.5 3
93 57 Cell Medium Cell Medium
 1 57 1 1 71 1 Medium 11.3 2
94 57 Cell Multi Medium Cell Multi Medium
 1 57 1 1 72 1 Medium 17 2
95 57 Module Module
 1 57 1 2 74 1 High 3
96 57 Diode Diode
 1 57 1 1 74 1 Medium 4.8 2
97 57 Cell Medium Cell Medium
 1 57 1 1 75 1 Medium 17.1 2
98 57 Cell High Cell High
 1 57 1 1 76 1 High 47.1 3
99 57 Cell High Cell High
 1 57 1 1 77 1 High 48.1 3
100 57 Cell Multi Medium Cell Multi Medium
 1 57 1 1 80 1 Medium 19 2
101 57 Cell Multi High Cell Multi High
 1 57 1 2 80 1 High 27.6 3
102 57 Cell Multi High Cell Multi High
 1 57 1 2 81 1 High 32.6 3
103 57 Cell Multi Low Cell Multi Low
 1 57 1 1 82 1 Low 5.2 1
104 57 Cracking Cracking
 1 57 1 2 82 1 High 3
105 57 Cell Low Cell Low
 1 57 1 2 83 1 Low 5.8 1
106 57 Cell Multi Medium Cell Multi Medium
 1 57 1 1 45 1 Medium 13.4 2
107 57 Cell Multi Low Cell Multi Low
 1 57 1 1 42 1 Low 4.7 1
108 57 Cell Low Cell Low
 1 57 1 2 36 1 Low 5.7 1
109 57 Cell Multi High Cell Multi High
 1 57 1 1 33 1 High 33.4 3
110 57 Cell Multi Medium Cell Multi Medium
 1 57 1 2 21 1 Medium 17 2
111 57 Cell Low Cell Low
 1 57 1 1 21 1 Low 5.1 1
112 57 Cell Multi Medium Cell Multi Medium
 1 57 1 1 17 1 Medium 17 2
113 57 Cell Multi Low Cell Multi Low
 1 57 1 1 14 1 Low 8.5 1
114 57 Cell Low Cell Low
 1 57 1 2 4 1 Low 9.5 1
115 56 Cell Multi Low Cell Multi Low
 1 56B 1 2 44 1 Low 6.5 1
116 56 Cell Low Cell Low
 1 56B 1 2 42 1 Low 5.4 1
117 56 Cell Low Cell Low
 1 56B 1 1 101 1 Low 7.9 1
118 56 Cell Multi High Cell Multi High
 1 56B 1 2 101 1 High 30.7 3
119 56 Cell Low Cell Low
 1 56B 1 2 105 1 Low 8.1 1
120 56 Cell Multi Medium Cell Multi Medium
 1 56B 1 1 15 1 Medium 10.7 2
121 56 Cell Multi High Cell Multi High
 1 56B 1 1 13 1 High 23.4 3
122 56 Cell Low Cell Low
 1 56B 1 2 13 1 Low 9.6 1
123 56 Vegetation Vegetation
 1 56B 1 2 11 1 Low 1
124 55 Cell Low Cell Low
 1 55B 1 1 28 1 Low 6.7 1
125 55 Cell Multi Low Cell Multi Low
 1 55B 1 1 15 1 Low 8 1
126 55 Cell Medium Cell Medium
 1 55B 1 2 8 1 Medium 10.2 2
127 55 Cell Multi High Cell Multi High
 1 55B 1 2 7 1 High 21.1 3
128 55 Cell Multi Low Cell Multi Low
 1 55B 1 2 1 1 Low 4.6 1
129 54 Cell Multi Low Cell Multi Low
 1 54B 1 2 25 1 Low 8.6 1
130 54 Diode Diode
 1 54B 1 2 20 1 Medium 6 2
131 54 Cell Medium Cell Medium
 1 54B 1 2 5 1 Medium 16.3 2
132 54 Cell Low Cell Low
 1 54B 1 2 1 1 Low 9 1
133 53 Cell Medium Cell Medium
 1 53B 1 1 82 1 Medium 10.4 2
134 53 Cell Multi High Cell Multi High
 1 53B 1 1 93 1 High 22.2 3
135 53 Internal Short Circuit High Internal Short Circuit High
 1 53B 1 1 101 1 High 22.2 3
136 53 Cell Multi High Cell Multi High
 1 53B 1 1 101 1 High 22.2 3
137 53 Cell Low Cell Low
 1 53B 1 1 104 1 Low 5.8 1
138 53 Cell Medium Cell Medium
 1 53B 1 1 36 1 Medium 12.6 2
139 53 Cell Multi Medium Cell Multi Medium
 1 53B 1 2 11 1 Medium 19 2
140 53 Cell Multi Low Cell Multi Low
 1 53B 1 2 6 1 Low 7.5 1
141 56 Cell Medium Cell Medium
 1 56A 1 2 102 1 Medium 12.4 2
142 56 Cell Multi Medium Cell Multi Medium
 1 56A 1 2 105 1 Medium 18.4 2
143 56 Cell Low Cell Low
 1 56A 1 1 39 1 Low 8.4 1
144 56 Vegetation Vegetation
 1 56A 1 2 15 1 Low 1
145 56 Cell Multi Medium Cell Multi Medium
 1 56A 1 1 7 1 Medium 14.3 2
146 56 Cell Medium Cell Medium
 1 56A 1 1 1 1 Medium 11.1 2
147 55 Cell Medium Cell Medium
 1 55A 1 1 104 1 Medium 16.3 2
148 55 Cell Low Cell Low
 1 55A 1 2 4 1 Low 6.7 1
149 54 Cell Low Cell Low
 1 54A 1 1 98 1 Low 3 1
150 54 Cell Low Cell Low
 1 54A 1 2 101 1 Low 5.7 1
151 54 Diode Diode
 1 54A 1 2 17 1 Medium 5.3 2
152 54 Cell Medium Cell Medium
 1 54A 1 2 4 1 Medium 14.1 2
153 54 Cell Medium Cell Medium
 1 54A 1 2 3 1 Medium 12.2 2
154 54 Cell Low Cell Low
 1 54A 1 1 5 1 Low 3.7 1
155 52 Vegetation Vegetation
 1 52B 1 2 49 1 Low 1
156 53 Cell Multi Low Cell Multi Low
 1 53A 1 1 93 1 Low 6 1
157 53 Cell Medium Cell Medium
 1 53A 1 2 103 1 Medium 10.8 2
158 53 Cell Multi Medium Cell Multi Medium
 1 53A 1 2 47 1 Medium 16.6 2
159 52 Cell Multi Low Cell Multi Low
 1 52A 1 2 84 1 Low 7.2 1
160 53 Vegetation Vegetation
 1 53A 1 2 40 1 Low 1
161 53 Vegetation Vegetation
 1 53A 1 2 17 1 Low 1
162 53 Vegetation Vegetation
 1 53A 1 2 16 1 Low 1
163 53 Cell Medium Cell Medium
 1 53A 1 2 12 1 Medium 15.2 2
164 52 Cell Low Cell Low
 1 52A 1 1 102 1 Low 2.8 1
165 52 Cell High Cell High
 1 52A 1 1 76 1 High 27 3
166 52 Cell Low Cell Low
 1 52A 1 1 68 1 Low 8.1 1
167 52 Cell Medium Cell Medium
 1 52A 1 1 67 1 Medium 10.2 2
168 52 Cell Multi Low Cell Multi Low
 1 52A 1 2 51 1 Low 3.5 1
169 52 Cell Low Cell Low
 1 52A 1 1 51 1 Low 6 1
170 52 Cell Multi Medium Cell Multi Medium
 1 52A 1 1 50 1 Medium 17.7 2
171 52 Cell Multi High Cell Multi High
 1 52A 1 2 47 1 High 20.8 3
172 52 Cell Low Cell Low
 1 52A 1 1 36 1 Low 9.5 1
173 52 Vegetation Vegetation
 1 52A 1 2 23 1 Low 1
174 52 Vegetation Vegetation
 1 52A 1 2 21 1 Low 1
175 52 Cell Low Cell Low
 1 52A 1 1 20 1 Low 4.9 1
176 52 Vegetation Vegetation
 1 52A 1 2 14 1 Low 1
177 52 Vegetation Vegetation
 1 52A 1 2 13 1 Low 1
178 52 Cell Multi Medium Cell Multi Medium
 1 52A 1 1 5 1 Medium 12.9 2
179 52 Cell Low Cell Low
 1 52B 1 1 100 1 Low 6.9 1
180 52 Internal Short Circuit Low Internal Short Circuit Low
 1 52B 1 2 53 1 Low 5.4 1
181 52 Vegetation Vegetation
 1 52B 1 2 50 1 Low 1
182 52 Cell Multi High Cell Multi High
 1 52B 1 1 36 1 High 20.9 3
183 52 Cell Multi Low Cell Multi Low
 1 52B 1 2 35 1 Low 7.4 1
184 52 Cell Multi High Cell Multi High
 1 52B 1 2 26 1 High 21.6 3
185 52 Cell Multi Medium Cell Multi Medium
 1 52B 1 2 13 1 Medium 11.7 2
186 51 Vegetation Vegetation
 1 51 1 2 81 1 Low 1
187 51 Cell Medium Cell Medium
 1 51 1 2 88 1 Medium 19.9 2
188 51 Internal Short Circuit Low Internal Short Circuit Low
 1 51 1 2 100 1 Low 8.7 1
189 51 Cell Low Cell Low
 1 51 1 2 65 1 Low 9.1 1
190 51 Vegetation Vegetation
 1 51 1 2 61 1 Low 1
191 51 Vegetation Vegetation
 1 51 1 2 60 1 Low 1
192 51 Cell Low Cell Low
 1 51 1 1 60 1 Low 4.9 1
193 51 Vegetation Vegetation
 1 51 1 2 55 1 Low 1
194 51 Vegetation Vegetation
 1 51 1 2 54 1 Low 1
195 51 Cell Multi High Cell Multi High
 1 51 1 1 46 1 High 25.7 3
196 51 Cracking Cracking
 1 51 1 2 29 1 High 3
197 51 Cell Low Cell Low
 1 51 1 2 9 1 Low 5.5 1
198 51 Cell High Cell High
 1 51 1 1 6 1 High 39.7 3
199 4 Cell High Cell High
 1 4C 1 1 1 4 High 20.3 3
200 1 Diode Diode
 3 1 2 1 16 1 Medium 3.4 2
201 2 Cell Multi Low Cell Multi Low
 3 2 1 1 1 1 Low 5.8 1
202 3 Diode Diode
 3 3 2 1 13 1 Medium 2.7 2
203 3 Diode Diode
 3 3 3 2 10 1 Medium 5.2 2
204 4 Diode Diode
 3 4B 1 1 6 1 Medium 1.8 2
205 6 Cell Low Cell Low
 3 6B 1 2 6 1 Low 2.7 1
206 7 Cell Low Cell Low
 3 7B 2 2 2 1 Low 1.9 1
207 7 Cell Low Cell Low
 3 7B 3 1 16 1 Low 3.4 1
208 7 Cell Low Cell Low
 3 7B 3 1 9 1 Low 1.9 1
209 7 Diode Diode
 3 7B 3 1 3 1 Medium 2.5 2
210 7 Diode Diode
 3 7B 3 1 4 1 Medium 3.7 2
211 7 Diode Diode
 3 7B 3 1 5 1 Medium 2.8 2
212 7 Diode Diode
 3 7B 3 1 7 1 Medium 2.6 2
213 7 Diode Diode
 3 7B 3 1 8 1 Medium 3.7 2
214 7 Cell Low Cell Low
 3 7B 2 1 3 1 Low 9.8 1
215 8 Diode Diode
 3 8B 2 1 9 1 Medium 2.8 2
216 8 Cell Multi High Cell Multi High
 3 8B 3 2 13 1 High 30.2 3
217 9 Cell Low Cell Low
 3 9B 1 1 3 1 Low 2.6 1
218 10 Diode Diode
 3 10B 2 1 9 1 Medium 3.8 2
219 13 Diode Multi Diode Multi
 3 13 1 1 11 1 Medium 6.9 2
220 14 Cell Low Cell Low
 3 14 5 1 2 2 Low 5.2 1
221 15 Cell Multi Low Cell Multi Low
 3 15 3 2 3 1 Low 3.9 1
222 15 Cell Multi High Cell Multi High
 3 15 3 2 16 1 High 33.7 3
223 15 Cell Multi High Cell Multi High
 3 15 4 1 12 1 High 27.4 3
224 16 Internal Short Circuit High Internal Short Circuit High
 3 16 3 2 5 1 High 21.4 3
225 16 Cell Low Cell Low
 3 16 3 2 9 1 Low 2.8 1
226 16 Cell Low Cell Low
 3 16 3 2 16 1 Low 2.5 1
227 16 Cell Low Cell Low
 3 16 4 1 4 1 Low 3.1 1
228 16 Diode Diode
 3 16 4 1 8 1 Medium 3.8 2
229 17 Cell Multi High Cell Multi High
 3 17 4 1 1 1 High 41.1 3
230 17 String String
 3 17 2 2 0 0 High 3
231 17 String String
 3 17 2 1 0 0 High 3
232 18 Cell Low Cell Low
 3 18 3 2 14 1 Low 3.1 1
233 19 Diode Multi Diode Multi
 3 19 2 1 14 1 Medium 8.8 2
234 18 Diode Diode
 3 18 2 2 1 1 Medium 4.2 2
235 19 String String
 3 19 1 1 9 1 High 3
236 19 String String
 3 19 1 1 10 1 High 3
237 19 String String
 3 19 1 1 11 1 High 3
238 19 String String
 3 19 1 1 12 1 High 3
239 19 String String
 3 19 1 1 13 1 High 3
240 19 String String
 3 19 1 1 14 1 High 3
241 19 String String
 3 19 1 1 15 1 High 3
242 19 String String
 3 19 1 1 16 1 High 3
243 19 String String
 3 19 1 2 16 1 High 3
244 19 String String
 3 19 1 2 15 1 High 3
245 19 String String
 3 19 1 2 14 1 High 3
246 19 String String
 3 19 1 2 13 1 High 3
247 19 String String
 3 19 1 2 12 1 High 3
248 19 String String
 3 19 1 2 11 1 High 3
249 19 String String
 3 19 1 2 10 1 High 3
250 19 String String
 3 19 1 2 9 1 High 3
251 19 Diode Multi Diode Multi
 3 19 1 2 2 1 Medium 2 2
252 19 String String
 3 19 4 2 16 1 High 3
253 19 String String
 3 19 4 2 15 1 High 3
254 19 String String
 3 19 4 2 13 1 High 3
255 19 String String
 3 19 4 2 14 1 High 3
256 19 String String
 3 19 4 2 12 1 High 3
257 19 String String
 3 19 4 2 11 1 High 3
258 19 String String
 3 19 4 2 10 1 High 3
259 19 String String
 3 19 4 2 9 1 High 3
260 19 String String
 3 19 4 1 9 1 High 3
261 19 String String
 3 19 4 1 10 1 High 3
262 19 String String
 3 19 4 1 11 1 High 3
263 19 String String
 3 19 4 1 12 1 High 3
264 19 String String
 3 19 4 1 13 1 High 3
265 19 String String
 3 19 4 1 14 1 High 3
266 19 String String
 3 19 4 1 15 1 High 3
267 19 String String
 3 19 4 1 16 1 High 3
268 18 Cell Multi High Cell Multi High
 3 18 5 1 8 2 High 38.9 3
269 2 Cell Multi Medium Cell Multi Medium
 1 2E 1 1 7 1 Medium 19.4 2
270 2 Internal Short Circuit Medium Internal Short Circuit Medium
 1 2E 1 1 6 1 Medium 19.8 2
271 2 Internal Short Circuit Medium Internal Short Circuit Medium
 1 2E 1 1 5 1 Medium 12.7 2
272 2 Internal Short Circuit Low Internal Short Circuit Low
 1 2E 1 1 4 1 Low 7.6 1
273 2 Cell Multi Low Cell Multi Low
 1 2E 1 1 11 1 Low 7.6 1
274 2 Cell Multi Medium Cell Multi Medium
 1 2E 1 1 12 1 Medium 17.3 2
275 1 Cell Multi Low Cell Multi Low
 1 1F 1 1 13 1 Low 7.7 1
276 1 Internal Short Circuit Medium Internal Short Circuit Medium
 1 1F 1 1 10 1 Medium 11.7 2
277 1 Internal Short Circuit Low Internal Short Circuit Low
 1 1F 1 1 9 1 Low 8.7 1
278 1 Cell Multi High Cell Multi High
 1 1F 1 1 8 1 High 27.3 3
279 1 Cell Multi Low Cell Multi Low
 1 1F 1 1 7 1 Low 8.1 1
280 1 Cell Multi Medium Cell Multi Medium
 1 1F 1 1 5 1 Medium 17.3 2
281 1 Cell Multi Low Cell Multi Low
 1 1F 1 1 4 1 Low 7.4 1
282 1 Cell Multi Low Cell Multi Low
 1 1F 1 1 3 1 Low 8.3 1
283 1 Cell Multi Low Cell Multi Low
 1 1F 1 1 2 1 Low 6.3 1
284 1 Diode Diode
 1 1F 1 1 1 1 Medium 5.3 2
285 1 Diode Diode
 1 1F 1 1 11 1 Medium 7.6 2
286 2 Cell Multi Low Cell Multi Low
 1 2D 1 1 9 1 Low 5 1
287 2 Cell Multi Low Cell Multi Low
 1 2D 1 1 7 1 Low 5.1 1
288 1 Diode Diode
 1 1E 1 1 10 1 Medium 3.6 2
289 1 Diode Diode
 1 1E 1 1 9 1 Medium 4.8 2
290 1 Cell Multi Low Cell Multi Low
 1 1E 1 1 4 1 Low 2.6 1
291 2 Cell Multi High Cell Multi High
 1 2D 1 1 4 1 High 24.3 3
292 2 Cell Multi Medium Cell Multi Medium
 1 2D 1 1 3 1 Medium 12.7 2
293 2 Module Module
 1 2C 1 1 2 1 High 3
294 2 Module Module
 1 2C 1 1 1 1 High 3
295 1 Cell Multi Low Cell Multi Low
 1 1C 1 1 4 1 Low 7.7 1
296 1 Cell Medium Cell Medium
 1 1C 1 1 5 1 Medium 15.8 2
297 1 Diode Diode
 1 1C 1 1 6 1 Medium 6.7 2
298 1 Cell Multi High Cell Multi High
 1 1C 1 1 7 1 High 27.7 3
299 1 Cell Low Cell Low
 1 1D 1 1 2 1 Low 5.9 1
300 2 Cell Low Cell Low
 2 2 6 1 14 1 Low 5 1
301 1 Cell Low Cell Low
 2 1 7 2 15 1 Low 8.5 1
302 2 Cell Multi High Cell Multi High
 2 2 1 1 10 1 High 44.7 3
303 2 Cell Low Cell Low
 2 2 1 2 1 1 Low 5.3 1
304 3 Diode Diode
 2 3 8 2 15 1 Medium 7.4 2
305 3 Cell Low Cell Low
 2 3 1 1 6 1 Low 4.7 1
306 4 Diode Diode
 2 4 4 2 1 1 Medium 9.4 2
307 4 Cell Medium Cell Medium
 2 4 3 1 9 1 Medium 16 2
308 4 Cell Medium Cell Medium
 2 4 3 1 4 1 Medium 11.9 2
309 4 Diode Multi Diode Multi
 2 4 2 1 9 1 Medium 9.1 2
310 5 Module Module
 2 5 3 1 4 1 High 3
311 5 Diode Diode
 2 5 2 2 8 1 Medium 7.4 2
312 5 Diode Diode
 2 5 7 1 14 1 Medium 5.9 2
313 6 Cell Multi Low Cell Multi Low
 2 6 4 2 4 1 Low 5.8 1
314 6 Cell Low Cell Low
 2 6 2 1 6 1 Low 5.5 1
315 6 Cell High Cell High
 2 6 2 1 2 1 High 31.3 3
316 7 Cell Low Cell Low
 2 7 1 1 14 1 Low 3.5 1
317 7 Module Module
 2 7 5 1 11 1 High 3
318 8 Diode Multi Diode Multi
 2 8 3 1 11 1 Medium 9.3 2
319 8 Module Module
 2 8 1 1 3 1 High 3
320 8 Cell Multi High Cell Multi High
 2 8 6 1 11 1 High 35 3
321 10 Cell Multi Low Cell Multi Low
 2 10 1 2 7 1 Low 6.1 1
322 10 Diode Diode
 2 10 5 2 2 1 Medium 8.7 2
323 11 Diode Diode
 2 11 2 2 11 1 Medium 9 2
324 11 Cell Multi Low Cell Multi Low
 2 11 2 2 6 1 Low 4.9 1
325 11 Diode Diode
 2 11 4 1 9 1 Medium 6 2

Course and Processing of Aerial Thermographic Measurement


For the purpose of this report, the methodology of aerial thermographic inspection was applied, during which infrared thermal images were captured using unmanned aerial systems (drones). This enabled detailed and highly accurate measurement of the thermal characteristics of photovoltaic (PV) modules. The evaluation was performed in accordance with the requirements of IEC TS 62446-3. The applied methodology allows for the detection of thermal anomalies and effective diagnosis of system faults from an aerial perspective, ensuring precise localization of identified defects.

Thanks to the optimization of the flight and imaging process, all data were collected within a short time frame and under homogeneous meteorological conditions (particularly constant solar irradiance). This minimized the influence of variable factors and allowed for consistent analysis of individual modules.

The analysis was further supported by comprehensive evaluation of aerial images with very high spatial resolution (3 cm/px), which made it possible to identify anomalies at the level of strings, modules, and even single PV cells.

To ensure maximum data integrity and accuracy, all acquired data (RGB color images and infrared IR images) were manually reviewed and cross-correlated, eliminating the possibility of misinterpretation.


Analyzed Anomalies

  1. Cell: Local thermal anomaly at the level of a single PV cell, indicating a potential defect, typically caused by manufacturing faults, material degradation, or mechanical damage.
  2. Cell Multi: Multiple thermal anomalies distributed across several adjacent cells of one module, often signaling a more extensive structural defect or degradation.
  3. Circuit: Fault in the electrical circuit, manifested by outage or underperformance of multiple strings, related to connection or insulation issues.
  4. Combiner: Anomaly caused by a defect at the point of combining multiple strings into one DC flow, often linked to poor connections, cable degradation, or failure of protective components.
  5. Cracking: Occurrence of micro-cracks or macro-cracks in the glass or laminated structure of the module, leading to localized overheating, reduced performance, and risk of further degradation.
  6. Damaged: Mechanical deformation of the module, including bending, displacement, physical damage, or extensive cracking, which may cause significant power losses and increased safety risk.
  7. Delamination: Separation of the glass, encapsulant, or active layer of the module, leading to degradation of protective properties, higher susceptibility to moisture ingress, and reduced performance.
  8. Diode: Activation of a bypass diode as a result of a failed cell or module, indicating the presence of a serious localized defect affecting part of the production chain.
  9. Helix Damage: Permanent deformation of modules or supporting structures caused by mechanical twisting of the tracker, usually due to a malfunction in movement control.
  10. Hot Spot: Small area with significantly higher temperature compared to its surroundings, indicating faulty connections, cell degradation, or partial shading, with a high risk of further defects.
  11. Hot Spot Multi: Occurrence of multiple hot spots within a single module, typically in thin-film panels, indicating more extensive structural damage.
  12. Internal Short Circuit: Anomaly resulting from an internal short circuit in the module, causing localized heating and significant performance reduction.
  13. Inverter: Malfunction of the inverter converting DC into AC current, manifested by non-functionality of connected strings and affecting large parts of the system.
  14. Junction Box: Thermal anomaly at the connection point of strings on the module, often indicating faulty joints, corrosion damage, or overheating of electrical contacts.
  15. Missing Module: Physically absent module that was documented as installed according to project records, or removed without documentation update.
  16. Module: Overall thermal anomaly at the level of the entire module, often indicating bypass diode failure, internal damage, or degradation of the whole unit.
  17. Physical Obstruction: Presence of a foreign object (e.g., leaves, stones, snow) on the panel surface causing shading and localized performance loss.
  18. Reverse Polarity: Electrical connection with incorrect polarity, leading to power loss, potential equipment damage, and fault risk.
  19. Shading: Blocking of solar irradiance by vegetation, structures, or other objects, directly reducing energy production efficiency.
  20. Soiling: Accumulation of dust, dirt, bird droppings, or other debris on the panel surface, causing uneven irradiance and reduced performance.
  21. String: Set of PV modules connected in series, where faults in individual modules or connections affect the performance of the entire group.
  22. Tracker Tilt: Incorrect tracker angle setting, reducing the system’s ability to optimize energy production during the day.
  23. Underperforming String: String showing significantly lower temperature difference (and thus output) compared to neighboring strings, usually indicating partial defects.
  24. Vegetation: Shading of modules by vegetation (grass, shrubs, trees), reducing direct solar irradiance and system efficiency.

Anomaly examples

Cell High

Anomaly where the cell temperature is higher than the surrounding area by more than 20 °C.

Cell Medium

Anomaly where the cell temperature is higher than the surrounding area by 10–20 °C.

Cell Low

Anomaly where the cell temperature is higher than the surrounding area, but not by more than 10 °C.

Cell Multi High

Overheating of a group of cells, where the anomaly area temperature is higher than the surrounding area by more than 20 °C.

Cell Multi Medium

Overheating of a group of cells, where the anomaly area temperature is higher than the surrounding area by 10–20 °C.

Cell Multi Low

Overheating of a group of cells, where the anomaly area temperature is higher than the surrounding area, but not by more than 10 °C.

Internal Short Circuit High

Multi-cell anomaly occurring within diode boundaries, where the temperature is higher than the surrounding area by more than 20 °C.

Internal Short Circuit Medium

Multi-cell anomaly occurring within diode boundaries, where the temperature is higher than the surrounding area by 10–20 °C.

Internal Short Circuit Low

Multi-cell anomaly occurring within diode boundaries, where the temperature is higher than the surrounding area, but not by more than 10 °C.

Diode

A bypass diode provides current flow around a faulty cell or module. A diode-type anomaly is indicated as a bypassed diode – typically affecting one-third of the module.

Diode Multi

Multiple activated bypass diodes – typically affecting two-thirds of the module.

Module

The temperature of the entire module is high compared to the surrounding area.

String

A string-type anomaly affects several modules connected in the string simultaneously. The string anomaly indicates a fault in adjacent modules corresponding to the string layout and impacts all modules within the string.

Cracking

Module anomaly caused by surface cracking.

Vegetation

Modules are blocked by vegetation.

Physical Obstruction

Physical obstruction or object on the module surface that blocks sunlight and/or causes shading.